RESEARCH ARTICLE
A Pneumococcal Carriage Study in Danish Pre-school Children before the Introduction of Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccination
Zitta B Harboe, Hans-Christian Slotved*, Helle B Konradsen , Margit S Kaltoft
Article Information
Identifiers and Pagination:
Year: 2012Volume: 6
First Page: 40
Last Page: 44
Publisher ID: TOMICROJ-6-40
DOI: 10.2174/1874285801206010040
Article History:
Received Date: 1/12/2011Revision Received Date: 20/2/2012
Acceptance Date: 27/2/2012
Electronic publication date: 4/5/2012
Collection year: 2012
open-access license: This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non-commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited.
Abstract
We present data on pneumococcal carriage before the introduction of the heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugated vaccine (PCV7) in Denmark. In the pre-PCV7 period, the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) among children younger than 5 years was approximately 25 per 100.000 population, with the highest incidence rates observed in children younger than 2 years of age. The study included 437 children aged 12-72 months attending day care centres (DCC) and was conducted during 48 months. In total, 56% (n=247) of children were pneumococcal carriers with the highest prevalence in children aged 12–23 months (69%), the proportion significantly declining with increasing age. PCV7 serotypes accounted for 33%, PCV10 for 34%, and PCV13 for 57% of all carried isolates. The proportion of serotypes included in the three conjugate vaccines was higher among IPD isolates compared to carrier isolates (range 35– 90%). We found that the frequency of carriage was high among Danish pre-school children attending DCC and serotypes were not frequently covered by PCV7 in the pre-PCV7 period.
INTRODUCTION
Infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae are major contributors to morbidity and the main cause of vaccine preventable deaths in children younger than 5 years of age worldwide [1, 2]. The range of infections caused by pneumococci is wide and often preceded by the asymptomatic carrier state in the nasopharynx, mainly in pre-school children [3]. From the nasopharynx, it may spread into the upper airway and middle ear, and cause mucosal, non-invasive disease, but can also invade sterile sites, such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid, causing severe invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD).
Factors such as age, ethnicity, immunosuppression including HIV-1 infection, socioeconomic factors like crowding, and temporal association to respiratory viral diseases widely affect the risk of IPD [4]. In particular, a high carriage prevalence has been associated with high incidences of pneumococcal disease, including IPD [5]. Attendance to day care centres (DCC) has been recognized as an important risk factor both with regard to acquisition of pneumococcal carriage and infections in pre-school children [6, 7]. In Denmark, it is estimated that between 55–85 % of children between 6 months and 5 years attend a DCC [6, 8].
The heptavalent-pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7, Pfizer Vaccines) has been shown to be highly effective in reducing IPD caused by vaccine serotypes in both vaccinated and non-vaccinated cohorts [9-12]. PCV7 was introduced in the Danish childhood immunization programme in a 2+1 schedule in October 2007; before that, PCV7 was only recommended for children younger than 2 years of age with high-risk conditions [13, 14]. In the pre-PCV7 period, the incidence of IPD among children younger than 5 years in Denmark was approximately 25 per 100.000 population, with the highest incidence rates observed in children younger than 2 years of age [15]. The incidence of IPD nearly halved shortly after the introduction of the vaccine [16]. Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines of higher valence, including the 10-valent pneumococcal non-capsulate H. influenzae protein-D conjugate vaccine (PhiD-CV; PCV10; GlaxoSmithKline Biologicals) and the 13-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (PCV13; Pfizer Vaccines) provide broader serotype coverage [11, 15, 17, 18]. PCV13 was started to be used in Denmark in April 2011 [28].
The aim of this study was to describe the serotype distribution of pneumococcal isolates carried in the nasopharynx of non-vaccinated infants attending DCCs in a local Danish district and in the pre-PCV7 period and to compare the proportion of serotypes included in three conjugate vaccines among carried and IPD isolates.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Setting and Design
We performed a cross-sectional study in order to evaluate the prevalence of pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage among children aged 12–72 months attending 27 DCCs in the Municipality of Roskilde, Region Zealand during 1999–2000. Nurseries, kindergartens and combined DCCs (including both a nursery and a kindergarten in one institution) were eligible to be included in the study. In total, 437 children aged 12–72 months were included in the study.
Written informed consents were obtained from children’s parents. The study was approved by The Regional Ethical Committee (register number KF 01–371/98 and KF 11–094/00), the Department of Children and Culture in the Municipality of Roskilde, and the Danish Data Protection Agency (registry number 2001–41–1214). An analysis of a subgroup of this study population was previously presented by Auranen et al., [19] including only 3 DCCs out of the 27 DCCs.
Sampling and Identification of Pneumococcal Isolates
Sampling was performed as previously described by Kaltoft et al., [17]. Briefly, a trained person collected a deep nasopharyngeal sample using a calcium alginate-tipped aluminum wire swab (Calgi swab type 1, Puritan, Hardwood Products Company LP, USA). The swab was inserted into a test tube containing 1.5 ml serum broth and kept at 5°C until it was plated in the laboratory within 3–5 hours after sampling. Pneumococcal isolates were identified and serotyped at the Neisseria and Streptococcus Reference Centre (NSR), Statens Serum Institut as previously described [16, 20].
The serotypes included in PCV7 are 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. PCV10 includes PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 5, and 7F; and PCV13 includes PCV10 serotypes plus serotypes 3, 6A, and 19A.
Data Analysis
Categorical data were compared using chi-square test, p-values ≤0.05 were considered significant. The proportion of children who were pneumococcal carriers by age group was estimated and expressed as carrier rates (CR). Also, we calculated the proportion of PCV7, PCV10 and PCV13 serotypes among IPD isolates by age group using data from the nationwide laboratory surveillance system [21].
RESULTS
At least one pneumococcal isolate from the nasopharyngeal sample was found in 56.5% of all children (n=247), 54% of the 247 children were males. A second serotype was found in 9% of children (n=22). The highest prevalence of pneumococcal carriage, 69% (n=27), was found among the youngest children (age 12–23 months) and tended to decline each year dropping to a carriage rate of 53.8% at five years of age and to 46.2% at six years of age.
The serotypes included in PCV7 accounted for 33%, 34% were PCV10 serotypes, and 57% were PCV13 serotypes among all carried isolates, with the highest serotype coverage of the vaccines among the youngest children. Serotypes found in children aged either 12–23 or 24–35 months were mainly those included as additional serotypes contained in PCV13. In children from the age group 36–47 months and older, non-vaccine serotypes were more frequently observed (Fig. 1). The serotype coverage of the three conjugate vaccines was higher in IPD compared to carrier isolates (range 35–90%), differing significantly between the groups (p= 0.001, p=<0.001, p=0.006 respectively) (Fig. 2). Also, the proportion of carriage isolates covered by PCV7 and PCV13 decreased significantly with an increasing age (p=0.04 and p=0.001 respectively).
 |
Fig. (1). Prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes represented among 269 isolates colonizing 247 pre-school children according to age group. Among all carriers (n=247), 22 children carried 2 isolates. |
 |
Fig. (2). Proportion of invasive (n=700) and carried (n=269) pneumococcal isolates covered by three different pneumococcal conjugate vaccines* as a function of age in months. *The serotypes included in the seven valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) are serotypes 4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F. The 10-valent pneumococcal non-capsulate H. influenzae protein-D conjugate vaccine (PCV10) includes PCV7 serotypes plus serotypes 1, 5 and 7F, and the 13-valent pneumococcal protein conjugate vaccine (PCV13) includes PCV10 serotypes plus serotypes 3, 6A, and 19A. |
DISCUSSION
To our knowledge, this is the largest report documenting the prevalence of pneumococcal serotypes in nasopharyngeal carriage in pre-school children before the introduction of PCV7 into the Danish Childhood Immunization Programme. We found a high prevalence of pneumococcal carriage, highest in children aged 12–23 months, where nearly 70% were carriers. Serotypes included in PCV7 were not commonly represented, only in about 30% of carried isolates.
We found that both the carrier rates and the serotype distribution of carried isolates varied markedly with age. The high prevalence of carriage among the youngest children coincides with the observation that the incidence of IPD is highest in this age group [8]. Paediatric serotypes/groups (6, 14, 19 and 23) were found frequently both in carriers and as a cause of IPD in the youngest children in the pre-PCV7 period. These serotypes/groups are all represented in PCV7, explaining the higher coverage of the PCV7 among IPD cases in children <23 months, for whom vaccination is attempted (Fig. 2). The predominance of serotypes included in PCV7 declined significantly with increasing age, both among carriers and IPD cases, in accordance with findings reported from other populations [2, 9]. Serotype 5 is not a frequent cause of paediatric IPD in Denmark, while serotypes 1 and 7F become more important in IPD in older children and adults [8, 16]; all these factors may determine a relatively low coverage of PCV10 among carried isolates in our study population. The higher serotype coverage of PCV13 was mainly related to the presence of serotype 6A in both carriage and in IPD (Fig. 2). These findings are comparable to those reported from a number of carriage studies from different geographic locations [7, 11, 22, 23]. Also, the analysis of risk factors for the carriage of vaccine serotypes showed that age, gender, size of DCC, type of DCC, and month of sampling were not found to be significantly associated with an increased risk of carrying an isolate belonging to a serotype included in PCV7, PCV10 or PCV13 (data not shown).
The pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide has been described as a major determinant of the duration of carriage, relative invasiveness, disease presentation and mortality related to IPD [13, 20]. It also appears that the biochemical structure of the capsule determines the success of a given serotype in nasopharyngeal carriage [24]. In spite of differences in study design and population, a number of studies have identified a few serotypes as having the greatest invasive potential. Similar to our findings, a study from Gambia reported that serotypes/groups 1, 12 and 14 were more frequently found in patients with severe pneumococcal disease than in carriers, while serogroups 19 and 23 were often isolated from healthy controls [5]. In a study from India, serotypes/groups 1, 5, 7, 12 were prevalent among invasive isolates, but not among carriers [25]. Also, a study from Papua New Guinea [26] reported that serogroups 11, 15 and 22 were of low invasiveness, similar to what we found in our study. A study from Oxford reported that PCV7 serotypes showed to be associated with high invasiveness [27]. The consistency between these reports supports the fact that the invasiveness of capsular serotypes is a serotype-specific characteristic. However, even if capsular serotype is a factor that determines the invasiveness of a particular strain, the study population may determine the prevalence of host-related factors (such as genetic predisposition, the prevalence of co-morbid conditions and socioeconomic factors), which influence the invasiveness of serotypes.
In conclusion, pneumococcal colonization in children attending DCCs is frequent, highest in the youngest infants, and represents a heterogeneous population of pneumococcal serotypes. Studies investigating the nasopharyngeal pneumococcal carriage in the coming years would be of major interest in order to evaluate the dynamics of the pneumococcal population in the post-PCV7 period.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
This research was partially supported by a grant from Leo Pharma Nordic and Statens Serum Institut. An analysis of a subgroup of this study population was previously presented by Auranen et al., [19] including only 3 out of the 27 DCCs. No other conflicts of interest are declared.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We acknowledge the Danish Departments of Clinical Microbiology for submitting invasive pneumococcal isolates for national surveillance and the staff performing the serotyping of the isolates at the NSR. We also thank Azra Kurbazic, MSc, PhD, for assistance in the statistical analysis.
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