RESEARCH ARTICLE


Antibiotic Based Phenotype and Hospital Admission Profile are the Most Likely Predictors of Genotyping Classification of MRSA



Ali M. Bazzi1, 5, *, Jaffar A. Al-Tawfiq3, 4, Ali A. Rabaan2, Dianne Neal5, Aimee Ferraro5, Mahmoud M. Fawarah1
1 Microbiology Lab, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
2 Molecular Diagnostic Lab, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
3 Specialty Internal Medicine, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
4 Indiana University School of Medicine, Indiana, USA
5 School of Health Sciences, Walden University, Minneapolis, USA


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Creative Commons License
© 2017 Bazzi et al.

open-access license: This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Public License (CC-BY 4.0), a copy of which is available at: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode. This license permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

* Address correspondence to this author at the Microbiology Lab, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia; Tel: +966138776636; E-mails: bazziamh@gmail.com, ali.bazzi@JHAH.com


Abstract

Background:

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, and financial burdens. Phenotyping methods are used to classify MRSA as either health care MRSA (HA-MRSA) or community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA). Recent studies suggested the phenotyping methods are not always reliable, based on a lack of concordance with genotyping results.

Objective:

In this study, concordance of classification methods based on clinical characteristics or antibiotic susceptibility compared to the gold standard genotyping was assessed in the classification of MRSA.

Methods:

We compared the genotypes and phenotypes of MRSA in 133 samples taken from patients in Saudi Arabia. Statistical analyses included concordance, specificity and sensitivity, and logistic regression modeling.

Results:

There was fair a definite agreement between the health care risk and infection type methods (p < .001), but no statistically significant agreement between the susceptibility pattern and health care risk methods (p = 243), and between susceptibility pattern and infection type methods (p = .919). Reduced multiple regression modelling suggested the potential of a phenotyping-based method of antibiotic susceptibility pattern (OR = 15.47, p < .001) in conjunction with hospital admission profile(OR = 2.87, p = .008) to accurately identify MRSA as HA-MRSA and CA-MRSA.

Conclusion:

The use of a standardized phenotyping technique, using susceptibility pattern and hospital admission profiles to classify MRSA infections as either HA-MRSA or CA-MRSA, would facilitate diagnosis, infection control efforts, prevention, and assignment of appropriate therapies. The ability to use phenotyping in the classification of these strains would improve efforts to contend with this adept and evolving bacterial organism.

Keywords: MRSA, HA-MRSA, CA-MRSA, Saudi Arabia, Genotyping, Phenotyping, Susceptibility Pattern.